While most of the paintings in the Vilhelm Hammershøi Digital Archive have been examined and analysed at SMK, some participating institutions have conducted imaging and scientific analyses of their own works. The instrument specifications for each institution that has carried out analyses are listed below.
SMK – NATIONAL GALLERY OF DENMARK
Multiband imaging (MSI)
Camera: Phase One iXG 100MP Camera (with a CMOS-sensor resolution of 11608 x 8708)
Schneider Kreuznach RS 72mm lens
Phase One Rainbow system
Filters:
VIS-R-VIS: Schott BG39 UV/IR Cut Filter
IR-R-IR: RG839nm IR Pass filter
VIS-L-UV: Baader UV7IR Cut/ L Filter
UV-R-UV: UG1 Visible block Filter
LED light, produced by Dedo:
UV: DLED7 UV 365 with UG11 filters
VIS: DLED7-D Visible light with SchottBG39 filter
IR: DLED4-BI-IR, with Heliopan 830 nm filter.
Lighting angle: 25º
X-radiography (X-Ray)
X-ray tube: Yxlon Smart EVO 160D
Tube voltage range: 20-160 kV
Tube current range: 0,5-7 mA
Image plate: HD Image plate 30×40 cm DürrNDT
Image producer: CR-System/A211395001
Distance between X-ray source and image plate: 110cm
Additional Filter: 3mm AlMg3 Filter
Resolution: 503DPI
Infrared reflectography (IRR)
Camera: Opus Instruments Apollo Infrared camera
Detector: InGaAS arrey, spectral response 900-1700nm
Standard lens: 6-element Rodagon f/5.6, 150mm
Documentation area: 400 x 400 mm of paint surface (4096 x 4096 pixel)
Camera movement: 300 mm vertical and horizontal = 25% overlap
Working distance: 900 mm camera front to painting
Focusing scale: App. 48 mm
Apperture: f/8
Illumination: Hedler, Halogenic
Macro X-ray fluorescence mapping (MA-XRF)
Instrument: Bruker CRONO macro-X-ray fluorescence scanner
X-ray generator: air-cooled micro-focus Rh-target X-ray tube
X-ray detector: 30 mm2 silicon drift detector (SDD) with a beryllium window
Voltage: 10-50 kV
Current: 5-200 µA
Collimators: 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm
XYZ motorized stage: scanning range 600 mm × 450 mm (XY), 75 mm (Z)
Speed: up to 45 mm/s
Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDXS)
Instrument: Hitachi S-3400N
Electron source: tungsten hairpin filament
Accelerating voltage: 0.3-30 kV
Magnification range: 5× to 300,000×
Sample size: up to 250 mm in diameter
Modes: high vacuum and variable pressure (VP)
Variable pressure range: 6-270 Pa
BSE detector: 5-segment, high sensitivity
EDX detector: Bruker Quantax 200 energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy detection system featuring two Peltier-cooled silicon drift detectors (SDD), each with an active area of 20 mm2
Spot X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pXRF)
Instrument: Bruker ELIO X-ray fluorescence scanner
X-ray generator: Rh-target X-ray tube
X-ray detector: 25 mm2 silicon drift detector (SDD) with a beryllium window
Voltage: 10-50 kV
Current: 5-200 µA
Collimator: 1 mm
Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS)
Instrument: ASD FieldSpec 4 fibre optic spectroradiometer
Fibre optic illuminator: tungsten-halogen light source, 2800 K, 200 W/m2
Fibre optic probe: bifurcated, 156 fibres, 2000 μm core diameter
Sampling area: 4 mm in diameter
Spectral range: 350–2500 nm (i.e., from the near ultraviolet to the near infrared, or UV-vis-NIR)
Spectral sampling: 1.4 nm to 2 nm
Spectral resolution: 3 nm at 700 nm, and 10 nm at 1400 nm and 2100 nm.
Calibration: white reference panel from ASD, made of a totally reflective material
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Instrument: Bruker Alpha FT-IR spectrometer
Accessories and geometries: external reflection with video-option (ER), high-performance attenuated total reflection (ATR)
Detector: deuterated L-alanine doped triglycene sulphate (DLATGS)
Spectral range: 7000–375 cm−1
Spectral resolution: 0.75-256 cm-1
GETTY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE
Multiband imaging (MSI)
Camera: Phase One XF Camera with an IQ3 100MP Back (with a CMOS-sensor resolution of 11608 x 8708)
Schneider Kreuznach LS 120mm lens
VIS-R-VIS: Filters: B+W High-Transmission MRC-Nano Master Circular Polarizer Filter. Lighting: BronColor Lightbar 120 Evolution with flash tubes, angle: 45º
IR-R-IR: IR cut filter removed. Filters: B + W 093 Infrared Filter, Black Red 830. Lighting: BronColor Lightbar 120 Evolution with flash tubes, angle: 45º
VIS-L-UV: Filters: Tiffen UV 2E Pale Yellow Filter. Lighting: Wildfire 250 Watt Long-Throw UV 365nm BlackLight (IronArc metal halide lamp), angle: 45º
Infrared reflectography (IRR)
Camera: Opus Instruments Osiris Infrared camera
Detector: InGaAS array, spectral response 900-1700nm
Standard lens: Linos Rodagon f/5.6, 150mm
Documentation area: FOV 38.4 cm2 (each capture 4096 x 4096 pixels, 9 captures, with an overlap of 128 pixels, tiled)
Camera movement: fixed camera and lighting, easel moved in increments of 396mm
Working distance: 900 mm Focusing scale: 44
Aperture: f/8
Illumination: Lowell Pro 3200K tungsten Halogen
X-radiography (X-Ray)
X-ray tube: Philips MCN 165 tube with a Philips MGC 40 control unit
Tube voltage range: 7,5-160 kV
Tube current range: 0,5-60 mA
Image plate: Carestream XL Blue imaging plate
Image producer: Carestream Industrex HPX-1 scanner at PMT setting High-10
Distance between X-ray Source and Film: 170cm
Additional Filter: None
Resolution: 600 DPI
Macro X-ray fluorescence mapping (MA-XRF)
Instrument: Bruker M6 Jetstream
Voltage: 50 kV
Current: 300 μA
Collimator: 530 μm spot size using polycapillary lens
Step size: 600 μm
Dwell time: 30 ms/pixel
Filter: none
NATIONALMUSEUM STOCKHOLM
Multiband imaging (MSI)
Camera: Hasselblad H6D-400c MS Camera
HC 80mm f/2,8 alt. HC 120mm f/4,0 Lens
Visible light / Raking light: Illumination: Profoto D4 2400 Air, ProHead plus
Ultraviolet fluorescence: Filters: PECA 918 IR Cut Filter, Kodak #2E Pale Yellow Optical Wratten 2. Illumination: Dedolight DLED7-T/D, UV LED 365 with UG11 UV Bandpass Filter
Transmitted light: Illumination: Light table A1 BeamBox LED Light Box
Infrared reflectography (IRR)
Camera: Opus Instruments Osiris Infrared Camera
Detector: InGaAs line array, spectral response 900-1700nm
Standard lens: 6 element 150mm focal length F/5.6 – F45
Filters:
SWP: Osiris 1250 Short Wave Pass filter 52 mm (900-1250nm)
BP: Osiris 1250-1510 Bandpass filter 52 mm (1250-1510nm)
LWP: Osiris 1510 Long Wave Pass filter 52 mm (1510-1700nm)
Illumination: Dedolight DLH 652, Tungsten 650W
NATIONAL MUSEUM, NORWAY
Multiband imaging (MSI)
Camera: Hasselblad H6D 400c (Multishot, with a CMOS-sensor 11600 x 8700 px, 4,6 x4,6 µm)
HC Macro f4 / 120 II lens
Phocus software
Filters: VIS-R-VIS: Polarizing filter, VIS-L-UV: Baader UV/IR cut off filter. 2E og 85B filter
Light: VIS: Broncolor Scoro 3200 S, UV: Dedolights Dled d9 T/D d365 with UG-1 UV Bandpass filter
Infrared reflectography (IRR)
Camera: Opus Instruments Apollo Infrared camera
Detector: InGaAS arrey, spectral response 900-1700nm
Standard lens: 6-element Rodagon Linos f/5.6, 150mm
Matrix: 4096 x 4096 pixel
Focusing scale: App. 48 mm
Apperture: f/8
Illumination: Broncolor Pulso G Halogen.
X-radiography (X-Ray)
X-ray tube: NTB Art X-Ray
Tube voltage range: 20-100 kV
Tube effect: 1000 W
Max current: 45 mA
Focal spot 3,0 mm
Imaging method: Direct digital imaging by line scanning ( max size 270 x 380 cm, 32400 x 36000 px)
Dynamic range 12 bit A/D conversion (4096 grey scales)
Software iX-Pect
Resolution: 300DPI, 12 px/mm (px size 83 µm)
FINNISH NATIONAL GALLERY, HELSINKI
X-radiography (X-Ray)
X-ray tube: ERESCO 200 MF4-R
Tube voltage range: 10-100 kV
Tube current range: 0,5-10 mA
Image plate: 35 x 43 cm, IPS GE Inspection Technologies
Image producer: CRxFlex Type 5176/100
Distance between X-ray Source and Film: 90 cm
Resolution: 508 DPI
Infrared reflectography (IRR)
Camera: Opus Instruments Apollo Infrared camera
Detector: InGaAS arrey, spectral response 900-1700nm
Standard lens: 6-element f/8-11, 150mm – I don’t find any information on Rodagon or any other manufacturer on the lens
Documentation area: 400 x 400 mm of paint surface (4096 x 4096 pixel)
Camera movement: One capture
Working distance: 1350 mm camera front to painting
Apperture: f/11
Illumination: Halogenic
Ultraviolet fluorescence (VIS-L-UV)
Camera: Nikon D800 (with a CMOS-sensor resolution of 7360 × 4912)
AF MICRO NIKKOR, 60 mm lens
Filters: Batten Filter No 2E, Kodak Filter CC40V, Kodak Filter CC20M
UV fluorescence tube, peak emission at 360 nm, lighting angle: 25º
ART GALLERY OF ONTARIO
Multiband imaging (MBI)
Camera: Nikon D610 with Coastal Optical 60mm 1:4 UV-VIS-IR Apo Macro lens
Camera Control Pro 2
Filters and lights:
Visible: Heliopan BG38 filter, Lowel TOTA halogen lights and Fiilex LED lights
UV Visible Fluorescence: Heliopan BG38 + PECA918 + Kodak 2E stacked filters, Wildfire UV model LT-250F1B lights
Reflected UVA: Baader U-filter, Wildfire UV model LT-250F1B lights
Reflected IR: Peca 904, 906, 910, and 914 IR-UV pass filters, Lowel TOTA halogen lights
IR Luminescence: Peca 914 IR-UV pass filters, Fiilex LED lights with BG38 glass filters at the light source
Transmitted IR: Peca IR-UV pass filters, Lowel TOTA halogen lights
X-radiography (X-Ray)
X-ray tube: Philips MOD 152 Be (150 kV Beryllium window) tube
Tube voltage range: 10-150 kV
Tube current range: 0-18 mA
Image plate: Industrex Flex XL Blue Digital imaging plate 5537
Image producer: Carestream Industrex HPX-1
Distance between X-ray Source and Film: 74cm
FORCE TECHNOLOGY
X-radiografi (X-Ray)
X-ray tube: Yxlon Smart EVO 160D
Tube voltage range: 20-160 kV
Tube current range: 0,5-7 mA
Image Detector: PeXraytech PXR Alpha 36
Sensor: DR Flatpanel, A-Si TFT panel
Distance between X-ray Source and Image Detector: 80 cm
Detector size: 358,4 x 430 mm
Detector Matrix: 2560 x 3072 pixels
Resolution: 181 PPI (140 µm/pixel)